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Children’s conditions A–Z

How common childhood conditions look, when to worry, and how they are treated.

30 conditions

Croup

General Pediatrics Croup Croup is a viral infection that swells the area around the voice box and windpipe in young children. It causes a barking,… Read more

Bronchiolitis

General Pediatrics Bronchiolitis Bronchiolitis is a common viral infection of the smallest airways in the lungs, mainly affecting babies and toddlers. It causes a runny… Read more

Otitis Media

Pediatric ENT Otitis Media Otitis media is an infection or inflammation of the middle ear, behind the eardrum, and is very common in young children. It… Read more

Tonsillitis

Pediatric ENT Tonsillitis Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils at the back of the throat, usually caused by a virus and sometimes by bacteria such… Read more

Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease

General Pediatrics Hand-Foot-and-Mouth Disease Hand, foot and mouth disease is a common viral illness in young children. It starts with fever and is followed by painful… Read more

Meningitis

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Meningitis Meningitis is inflammation of the protective layers around the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by an infection. Warning signs in children… Read more

Childhood Asthma

General Pediatrics Childhood Asthma Childhood asthma is a long-term condition in which a child's airways become inflamed and narrow, causing wheezing, coughing, chest tightness and breathlessness.… Read more

Food Allergy

Pediatric Allergy & Immunology Food Allergy A food allergy is when the immune system reacts to a food as if it were harmful. Reactions range from itching, hives… Read more

Eczema

General Pediatrics Eczema Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is a long-term skin condition that makes skin dry, itchy, red and sometimes cracked or weeping, and it often… Read more

Type 1 Diabetes

Pediatric Endocrinology Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the body stops making insulin, so blood sugar rises. In children it often… Read more

Epilepsy

Pediatric Neurology Epilepsy Epilepsy is a brain condition that causes repeated seizures because of bursts of abnormal electrical activity. Seizures can look very different —… Read more

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis

Pediatric Rheumatology Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is long-lasting inflammation of the joints that starts in childhood and has no other identifiable cause. It can cause… Read more

Kawasaki Disease

General Pediatrics Kawasaki Disease Kawasaki disease is an inflammatory illness of young children that affects blood vessels, including the arteries of the heart. The classic picture… Read more

Congenital Heart Disease

Pediatric Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart disease is a problem with the structure of the heart or its main blood vessels that is present from birth.… Read more

Urinary Tract Infection

Pediatric Urology Urinary Tract Infection A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection anywhere in the urinary system — bladder, kidneys, ureters or urethra. In children it… Read more

Vitamin D Deficiency

Pediatric Endocrinology Vitamin D Deficiency Vitamin D deficiency means the body does not have enough vitamin D to keep bones and muscles healthy. In children, a severe… Read more

Thalassemia

Pediatric Genetics & Metabolism Thalassemia Thalassaemia is an inherited blood condition in which the body makes too little or faulty haemoglobin. The carrier form (trait) is usually… Read more

Pneumonia

Pediatric Pulmonology Pneumonia Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs of the lungs. In children it causes cough, fever and fast or laboured… Read more

Febrile Seizures

General Pediatrics Febrile Seizures A febrile seizure is a fit that happens with a fever in a young child, usually between six months and five years… Read more

Neonatal Jaundice

General Pediatrics Neonatal Jaundice Newborn jaundice is yellowing of a baby's skin and eyes caused by a build-up of bilirubin in the blood. It is very… Read more

Infant Colic

General Pediatrics Infant Colic Infant colic is long spells of intense, hard-to-soothe crying in an otherwise healthy, growing baby. It usually starts in the first weeks,… Read more

Early Puberty

Pediatric Endocrinology Early Puberty Early (precocious) puberty is when signs of puberty start before age 8 in girls or age 9 in boys. It is more… Read more

Short Stature

Pediatric Endocrinology Short Stature Short stature means a child is much shorter than most children of the same age and sex, usually below the 3rd centile.… Read more

Scarlet Fever

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Scarlet Fever Scarlet fever is a bacterial infection caused by group A strep — the same germ behind strep throat. It mostly affects school-age… Read more

Rotavirus Infection

Pediatric Infectious Diseases Rotavirus Infection Rotavirus is a highly contagious stomach virus that mainly affects babies and young children. It causes watery diarrhoea, vomiting, fever and tummy… Read more

Nocturnal Enuresis

General Pediatrics Nocturnal Enuresis Nocturnal enuresis is bedwetting during sleep in a child old enough to be dry at night. It is common, is not the… Read more

Childhood Obesity

General Pediatrics Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity means a child is carrying much more body fat than is healthy for their age and height. It can affect… Read more

Pyloric Stenosis

General Pediatrics Pyloric Stenosis Pyloric stenosis is a thickening of the muscle at the outlet of the stomach that blocks milk from passing through, usually in… Read more

Inguinal Hernia

Pediatric Gastroenterology Inguinal Hernia An inguinal hernia is a bulge in the groin where part of the bowel or fatty tissue pushes through a weak spot… Read more

Undescended Testicle

Pediatric Urology Undescended Testicle An undescended testicle is one that has not moved down into the scrotum, so one or both testicles cannot be seen or… Read more

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